2.15. End of inclination and pendulum
Inclination end
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Fig. 2.4. Inclination end: 1 – garland of gear of the sensor of provision of an end of inclination; 2 – pin of fixation of a garland of gear of the sensor of provision of an end of inclination; 3 – inclination end; 4 – the lowest insertion of an end of inclination with a persistent fillet of the radical load; 5 – covering of the radical load; 6 – pin of fixation of a covering of the radical load; 7 – lower the insertion of the radical load; 8 – superior insertion of the radical load; 9 – the superior insertion of an end of inclination with a persistent fillet of the radical load
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Removal
Withdraw pistons and sticks.
Remove the bearer of a few back epiploon and a few back epiploon of an inclination end.
The coverings of radical loads have to be numbered.
Put pins of covering out, discover together with loads insertions.
Take away an end of inclination of the support.
Withdraw a garland of gear of the sensor of the provision of an end of inclination of an end of inclination.
Take away insertions of the cylinder block and withdraw the persistent half of the rings of the central load.
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TO OBSERVE
When it will is demolished it applies in coverings of radical loads of an end of inclination of an etiquette this in the subsequent meeting to establish them at ancient places.
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Check of technical condition
Compensate for a solvent of end of inclination and compressed air dries it.
Examine radical necks and conrod of an end in the existence of damages, unequal use and slits.
Execute for a copper coin in the load. If the load puts the copper out, so his surface is too rough and it has to be prosecuted.
One convinces of the purity of channels of oil. Remove the considered defects or substitute incorrect parts.
Check conicity and ovality of necks of an end.
Nominal diameter of necks of an end, mm:
root..... 50
conrod..... 45
Ovality and conicity of radical necks and conrod of an end not more than 0,005.
Check necks of epiploons of an end of inclination of the existence of traces of use or damages. If epiploons it rubbed flutes in necks, then new epiploons will strain the oil.
The insertions of radical loads and conrod they check the extern inquiry existence of vanishing in scales, aspects of the fusing, strip of property. Substitute incorrect insertions.
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TO OBSERVE
In insertions it is impossible to execute any Repair of subrace. In annoying, the risks or the peelings substitute new insertions.
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Slits check between insertions and necks of an end of inclination
Since the check of a slit between insertions and necks of an end of inclination measures the diameter of radical necks and conrod, and also the internal insertions diameter. The slit is defined as a difference between diameter of a neck and internal diameter of an insertion.
Nominal slits (motors of 1,3 l), mm:
between insertions and radical necks of an end of inclination n ° 1, 2, 4, 5..... 0.028-0.046
between insertions and a radical neck n ° 3 (the central neck)..... 0,034-0,52
between insertions and necks conrod..... 0.024-0.042
Nominal slits (motors of 1,1 l), mm:
between insertions and radical necks of an end of inclination n ° 1, 2, 3, 4, 5...... 0.020-0.038
between insertions and necks conrod..... 0.012-0.041
Slits check through the tipsy plastic wire
The check of a slit between insertions and necks of an end can be executed through the tipsy plastic wire.
Before the check they rub necks of an end and insertions of the removal of oil, lubricating and another pollution.
Put a part of the plastic wire calibrated in the surface of work of a neck. The length of a part of a wire will be the same as the width of the corresponding insertion. Besides, the wire must not blockade lubricating openings.
Establish an end of inclination, insertions and coverings of loads.
Hold tight pins of the fixation of coverings the necessary moment, at the same time it is necessary to look what the end did not turn.
Discover loads. Determine slits between insertions of the load and necks of an end for the width of the most leveled out siege of a wire through the arranged scale packing of a wire.
If the slits exceed the permissible maximum, they substitute insertions of loads. If the insertions substitution the proshlifuyta does not manage to receive normal slits, necks of an end of inclination to the next repair size and to establish insertions of the size of corresponding repair.
Epiploons
Check ahead and behind epiploons of an end of inclination of existence of damages and use of the edges they condense. Substitute epiploons incorrectly.
Installation of an end of inclination
Install the superior insertions of radical loads of an end of inclination in the support in the cylinder block.
In the moment of the reuse of insertions of radical loads of an inclination they establish an end to us at ancient places according to the arranged etiquettes being demolished.
Establish the persistent half of rings.
Put an end of inclination in the support, previously having lubricated the motor of necks.
Establish coverings of radical loads with the lowest insertions and hold tight pins of the fixation of coverings the necessary moment in the next order:
– covering of the middle load;
– covering of the 2nd load;
– covering of the 4th load;
– covering of the advanced load;
– covering of the rear load.
Hold tight pins of the fixation of coverings exactly in two three receptions before receiving the necessary moment of inhalation.
Establish coverings of loads for an arrow towards a pulley of an end of inclination, considering numbers of coverings.
Moments of an inhalation of pins of fixation of coverings of radical loads of motors, N · м:
1,1 l...... 50-55
1,3; 1,5; 1,6 l..... 55-60
Moments of an inhalation of pins of fixation of coverings of sticks of motors, N · м:
1,1 l...... 20-23
1,3; 1,5; 1,6 l...... 32-35
One convinces of the tranquillity of the rotation of an end of inclination and complaisance with the standard of an axial slit of an end (a slit between a persistent fillet of insertions of the middle radical load and the faces of the end of inclination).
Nominal tariff of an axial slit of an end of inclination of motors, mm:
1,1 l...... 0,05-0,25
1,3; 1,5; 1,6 l..... 0.005-0.175
Establish an epiploon in an opening in the bearer of a few back epiploon of an inclination end and a mandrel holds tight it against the stop, trying not to allow a twist.
Establish the bearer of a few back epiploon and sealing placing and hold tight five pins of his fixation.
Before the installation they apply the oil of motor in an edge of work of an epiploon and the inter-connected surface of an end of inclination.
Establish a rear cape of the cylinder block and hold tight pins of the fixation of a covering.
Establish coverings of sticks.
Hold tight pins of the fixation of coverings.
Pendulum
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Fig. 2.5. A pendulum of the motor of cars with the mechanical transmission: 1 – garland of gear of a pendulum; 2 – pendulum; 3 – a pin of fixation of one pendulum to a flange of an inclination end
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Fig. 2.6. A pendulum of the motor of cars with the automatic exchange: 1, 3 – flanges join of a pendulum; 2 – flange principal of a pendulum; 4 – a pin of fixation of one pendulum to a flange of an inclination end
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Check what a condition of an edge of gear of a pendulum and in case of the damage of teeths a pendulum substitutes. If in a pendulum of the slits of plate of pressure driven due to overheating if they find, it is necessary to substitute a pendulum. The garland of gear of a pendulum must not be turned in the torque of 590 N · for m (60 kgfs · l) or to move in the axial direction for the effort of 3,9 kN (400 kgfs).
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TO OBSERVE
Before the removal of a pendulum of an end of inclination put the etiquettes that define his mutual situation in a collected state. In the meeting of motor industrially the pendulum is balanced joined with an inclination end. So, his mutual situation in the moment of the repair of the motor must not be violated.
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In the surface of an adjacent pendulum to a flange of an end of inclination and a basic surface of the driven plate of pressure scratch and it bothers they are not allowed. The admission of not planeness from a basic surface of the driven plate of pressure does 0,06 mm.
The scratches and they bother in a basic surface of the driven plate of pressure withdraw with an in favor point, withdrawing a metal layer not more than 1 mm of thickness. Perforate also the adjacent surface to a flange of an end of inclination. In an in favor point it is necessary to supply the parallelism of these surfaces. Admissible not the parallelism does 0, 1 mm.
Moment of an inhalation of pins of fixation of a pendulum of motors, N · м:
1,1 l..... 70-80
1,3 l..... 130-140
1,5; 1,6 l...... 120-130
Useful data and advices
Motors loads
What loads are installed in his motor? Not all the drivers can answer such a question inteligivelmente.
However the loads are there. And not someone, but quite certain. Saint quite lasting, but they are not eternal and when they fail, not to do without opinion of the main point. And for professional repairers it is the most usual matter.
Since the load works
In modern motor motors as support of doubled and axles practically in all the loads of escorregamento of cases service. To roll loads (ball, roll, needle) applies to the similar objectives only in small motorcycle motors.
The necessary operabilidade of loads of the escorregamento called oil wedge gets for the use of the effect of one so. In the moment of the rotation of a smooth end in a slit between the end and an initial oil moves. Like the load that produces an end cause his eccentric shift, oil as if one trails in the narrowed part of a slit and form the wedge of oil that interferes the contact of an end with initial walls. More pressure and oil viscosity in a slit, the great load (before the surfaces contact) maintains the load of escorregamento.
The real oil pressure in a zone of a wedge gets 50-80 MPas (500-800 kg/cm2), and in some drawings more. It is hundred times higher, of what in the system of offer (the system of lubrication of motor). Nevertheless it is not necessary to think that the pressure offer influences the Repair of the load a little. He is higher, more intensively there is an extraction through oil bomb he was seeing the load and better one cools with this.
Below certain conditions the Repairal way with the least friction (also it calls the liquid) can be broken. It happens in the moment of the reduction in the oil viscosity, for example because of his overheating due to insufficient offer and reduction in the frequency of the rotation of an end of inclination in the increase of the load.
Quite very often, specially after the repair of the motor, also the non-best geometry of the knot affects. In an insignificant detour of the form of surfaces of cylindrical one, in the moment of a twist of axes and other defects of details I increase possibly place of specific load (this is the load transported area of surface) above an admissible limit. Then the oil movie in these parts grows thin, and the surfaces of an end and the load begin being next in microasperezas. There is a way of the semiliquid lubricant that is characterized for the increase of the friction and a gradual heating of the load. Besides it can take to so called divisional friction with the contact full of the surfaces they scratch which consequence overheating will be, the skhvatyvany (bothers), interference, fusion and destruction of the load.
It is clear, that in the Repair the way of the divisional friction is unacceptable. However carry out in the moment of the violation of oil producing resources, and very often it happens because of his lack in a case: or due to bureau of the driver, or in damage of the trundle bed of a case as a consequence of arrival to an obstacle.
The way of the semiliquid lubricant is only admissible for a little time when it does not manage to affect the use of the load. An example – launch of the cold motor. Nevertheless, there is another danger: in the temperature oil low much can be too viscous and his normal offer restores too much much time (20-30 with and more). In this case and semiliquid lubricant is able to affect the use of details considerably.
The improvement of a drawing of motor motors is joined with continuous increase in the frequency of the rotation of an end of inclination and increase in the motor capacity. Of increasing in the drawings compactness, including reduction of the width and diameter of loads the tendency is observed at the same time. It means that the specific tension grows in one unity of friction. And like the load of the load during the Repair of motor cyclically is modified in the size and the direction, the probability of so called failure of fatigue of increases of details. To supply the operabilidade of loads in such conditions, the special drawings, the materials and the technologies are needed.
The load of escorregamento is arranged
Normally the loads of ends of inclination in modern motors are executed in the form of walled insertions of way fine or when from 1,0 to 2,5 mm of thickness (it is rare more) were taken. The insertions of radical loads of an end of inclination do to the thickness because of the necessity of the loads put in them a circular flute of the provision of oil conrod. The general tendency – reduction of thickness of insertions that middle 1,8-2,0 mm in root and 1,4-1,5 mm in the moment of loads conrod now. The insertions are more fine, better they is next to the surface of the case of the load (bed), the heat of the load, more precisely the geometry, the least admissible slit and the noise during the work are taken better, the knot resource is more.
This during the installation in a bed the insertion precisely took his form, in a free state will have a tension in the diameter of a bed (so called endireitamento) and it does not form it cylindrical of the variable ray. Besides, the tension is necessary for a good prileganiye for a surface and being preserved of a provorachivaniye and in the insertion length – one calls a vystupaniye. All these parameters depend on thickness, width and diameter of insertions, when there are straightening averages 0,5-1,0 mm and a vystupaniye – 0,04-0,08 mm. Nevertheless for the Repair fiável of his load it is still not enough. On the line of the thickness of capture of insertions it is reduced in 0.010-0.015 mm to avoid zadir in these parts. Annoying it can appear due to the deformation of an opening in case of load in the cylinder block below the influence of the load of work when the work slit in the load is small.
The insertions materials can be different. His choice depends on the choice of the material of an end of inclination and his treatment of heat, the point of the acceleration of the motor and the resource of play. To a certain extent also the traditions of the motor firm affect here.
The insertions are always multiem layers. A base of insertion – a strip from steel that supplies the durability and the confidence of the landing in case of load. A layer applies with several ways in a base (or several layers) material antifrictional specially that the thickness does 0,3-0,5 mm. The main demands to the material antifrictional are the low friction in an end, the rise condutividade of heat and durability (this is is good to get a beating the capacity warmly of an end surface to the case of load). The first demand supplies with itself the best of all for gentle metal, for example you call with the high tenor of tin and leadership (specially, babbits widely known).
In the past the babbits devoted themselves widely in the got motors of low low reverse. With the growth of the durability of loadings of such insertions with a thick layer of babbit it was insufficient. The problem was resolved by the substitution of all this layer "for the sandwich" specially – the bronze of tin from lead covered that I waste away (0,03-0,05 mm) a layer of the same babbit. The insertion was multiem layers.
In driving modern stalebronzobabbitovy insertions normally execute chetyrekhkhsloyny (below babbit there is still much the fine nickel layer) or even of five layers when for the improvement the extra profit of above the most fine tin layer is applied in a work surface. Quite so loads in great foreign motors look.
Together with him also the insertions from steel and from aluminum were adopted widely. Since antifrictional material they serve leagues from aluminum with tin, leadership, silicon, zinc or cadmium so much with coverings, as without them here. Very often in the league from aluminum of world-wide practice of 20 % of tin without covering it is in use. Well it resists tops loadings and speeds of the rotation of modern motors, inclusive
the diesel, and at the same time it has "the softness" satisfactory. However the insertions from steel and from aluminum are more rigid, of what babbitovy (or with a babbitovy that it covers), therefore, they are more inclined the annoying one in the conditions of the insufficient lubricant.
To help and the axles of the motors make revolving, as a rule, with a less frequency, of what doubled, and they try the much less tension, therefore, it is easier than a condition of his work. The insertions and the captures you did away normally they do of the similar materials when it was described. Besides, here sometimes they apply babbit or bronze without covering. Very often these loads have not captures or insertions in absolute and are formed straightly for boring of openings in a head of the cylinder block. In such drawings the head becomes of the aluminum league with the silicon that has properties antifrictional quite good.
The general of loads of modern motors, specially will go away on support of ends of inclination, complaisance of the material and a drawing of insertions to material and Repairal conditions of an end is (the frequency of rotation, load, lubricating condition, etc.). Therefore, any details substitution when, for example, in the moment of the repair do they put insertions of another motor, cannot be recommended. Otherwise the durability of the repaired unity can turn out to be very small. to be decided to such a step, it is necessary to have the relevant information.
The insertions of loads of the escorregamento represent very right (precision) detail. to guarantee boy, but quite certainly (in 0,03-0,06 middle mm) the work slits in loads, in the moment of the production maintain the thickness of an insertion with an exactness approximately 5-8 mícrones and length – 10-20 mícrones. The violation of these demands can lead to the modification of a slit of work in the load or the density of the landing of an insertion in the case that is inadmissible as it can drive to lessen in the confidence and a resource of the whole motor in general.
Who does unstable loads
The complexity of the whole circle of the problems joined with the creation of motor loads of high quality of the escorregamento led to the fact that his production gradually passed to specialized firms. It had been a great deal of such firms at the same time also launch other details of motors, and the deliveries go so much in transportadores of motor factories, as for sale – in the form of spare pieces. Some firms such are a part of the known multinational production and corporations of industry and commerce. Of world-wide manufacturers of loads of the escorregamento of motors he must be observed Kolbenschmidt (the Kansas), Glyco, TRW, Sealed Power, Glacier, Clevite, Bimet first of all. In the last years the loads began to do also such a "korifei" like Mahle and Goetze. Between "young persons" it is worthwhile to mention the specialized King (Israel) that began the launch of loads in the beginning of the 80 years of last century. Most of the enumerated producers give out the enormous nomenclature of loads and hand over the production in spare pieces everywhere inclusive in our market (for businessmen or the enterprises of commerce wholesale). Generally naturally, there are loads of motors of foreign cars – European, Japanese and American.
It is possible to find insertions in the sale like standard and several sizes of repair (being differentiated of the standard, as a rule, not more than in 0,75 mm) for most of common models. In less common models, and also in the necessity of the purchase of insertions of the size of repair big normally it is necessary to decipher the order and to wait on average during 5-10 days (in different enterprises from commerce these terms are different).
The quality of such a production normally does not lift doubts not even in the geometry, not even in materials. Though there will be a choice and one doubts in which firm manufacturer to give the preference, the next thing must be beared in mind. Such firms like Kolbenschmidt, Glyco, the Glacier is one of the main suppliers of the production of mass. After the purchase of his products it is possible up to receiving the same insertions that they make driving "in the moment of the birth". The difference only composes in the absence in new details of an emblem of the firm – the manufacturer of the car. To purpose, the inquiry "of the family" (or so called original) the insertions of the sizes of repair can be a problematics. Not all the motor firms hand over insertions of repair in the spare piece and the insertions price in the "original" packing is, as a rule, much higher, of what straightly of his producer.
The insertions of the production of other, the least eminent firms are normally cheaper though it is difficult to find differences as production. Besides, there is a choice, then here it is possible to try to consider also conditions of service of the car. In this way, the quite cheap insertions, quite strangely, resist the oils of low quality and filters of oil "that walk" in our shops and the markets of what stalebronzobabbitovy more expensive lightly better. To work was shown, specially, by the practice of the use in the repair of insertions from steel and from aluminum of the King instead of bronzobabbitovy: such a substitution does not cause damage to the motors confidence, but it allows to save considerably.